Environment and Climate Change
This document describes a method for the determination of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of kraft lignin. The procedure utilizes differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
This procedure is applicable to solid lignins (e.g., powdered form) isolated using different isolation techniques (e.g., acidification with hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, etc., and carbonation using gaseous carbon dioxide) from the spent liquor (black liquor) generated from the kraft pulping process.
It does not apply to raw black liquor and lignin in the alkali form, (lignin that is separated from wood chips and dissolved in sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide liquor such as that originating from black liquor).
This document describes the thermal analysis of kraft lignin using thermogravimetric methods.
Thermogravimetry can be used to determine the initial decomposition temperature(s), rate(s) of decomposition, and the temperature at maximum decomposition of various materials, including lignins at atmospheric pressure. All these temperatures are solely based on the mass loss and are not necessarily the real decomposition temperatures, because not
all decompositions can generate evaporation at atmospheric pressure. Thus, these values are only for comparison purposes.
This procedure is applicable to solid lignins (e.g., powdered form) isolated using different isolation techniques (e.g., acidification with hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, etc., and carbonation using gaseous carbon dioxide) from the spent liquor (black liquor) generated in the kraft pulping process. It does not apply to raw black liquor.
Thermogravimetric measurement may be performed under different types of atmosphere, e.g., an inert atmosphere or an oxidative atmosphere.
This document gives guidelines for assessing the risks related to the potential impacts of climate change. Itdescribes how to understand vulnerability and how to develop and implement a sound risk assessment inthe context of climate change. It can be used for assessing both present and future climate change risks.
Risk assessment according to this document provides a basis for climate change adaptation planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation for any organization, regardless of size, type and nature.
Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices pour l’évaluation des risques liés aux impacts potentiels du changement climatique. Il décrit comment comprendre le concept de vulnérabilité et comment développer et mettre en oeuvre une évaluation rigoureuse des risques liés au changement climatique. Il peut être utilisé pour évaluer les risques présents et futurs liés au changement climatique.
L’évaluation des risques telle que définie dans le présent document fournit une base pour la planification de l’adaptation au changement climatique, sa mise en oeuvre ainsi que son suivi et son évaluation pour tout organisme, quels que soient sa taille, son type et sa nature.