1 Scope

1.1

This Standard covers mechanical couplings that are used to axially join pipes and fittings in non-pressure drain, waste, and vent (DWV) piping systems and sewer piping systems located inside or outside buildings and above ground or underground.

Notes:

1) Caution should be exercised when installing mechanical couplings at low temperatures. The coupling manufacturer should be consulted.

2) Caution should also be exercised when installing mechanical couplings at the base of stacks, at cleanouts, or at offsets in a piping system (see Annex A).

1.2

This Standard specifies requirements for the following types of mechanical couplings:

a) Type 1: couplings that are used to join pipes of the same or different materials or sizes and that incorporate a centre stop and an external shield.

b) Type 2: couplings that are used to join pipes of the same or different materials or sizes, but for which a centre stop and/or shear ring are allowed but not required.

c) Type 3: couplings used to join hubless cast iron pipe and fittings. Such couplings are composed of a stainless steel shield, a clamp assembly, and an elastomeric sealing component that complies with ASTM C564.

d) Type 4: elastomeric bellows expansion joint couplings used to join pipe of the same or different materials or sizes incorporating pipe stops.

       e) Type 5: couplings that have an integral restraint feature which enables the couplings to be used as an alternative to external joint restraint at changes of direction and locations subject to extended periods of maximum flow.

Notes:

1) Pipe and pipe-fitting materials that may be joined include

a) fibrocement (CSA B127.3);

b) cast iron (CSA B70);

c) concrete (CSA A257 Series and ASTM C14);

d) copper (ASTM B306);

e) acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) (CSA B181.1, CSA B182.1, ASTM D2661, and ASTM F628);

f) polyvinylchloride (PVC) (CSA B181.2, CSA B182.1, CSA B182.2, ASTM D2665, and ASTM F891);

g) galvanized steel (ASTM A53/A53M); and

h) vitrified clay (ASTM C700).

2) Type 5 couplings are an alternative to bracing as indicated in Annex A.

1.3

This Standard does not cover the joining of pipes and fittings with bell and spigot ends that use an elastomeric gasket seal.

1.4

Users should note the existence of other standards developed for different types of couplings or coupling materials, e.g., ASTM C1173, ASTM C1277, ASTM C1440, ASTM C1460, ASTM C1461, ASTM C1540, ASTM D5926, and ASTM A1128.

1.5

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

1.6

The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in parentheses are for information and comparison only.

1 Scope

1.1  General

This Standard covers cast iron soil pipe, fittings, and means of joining for installation in gravity-flow plumbing systems inside and outside of buildings, above and below grade.

Note: Pipe and fittings that comply with this Standard are not universally compatible with pipe and fittings manufactured in accordance with ASTM A74 and ASTM A888.

1.2  Terminology

In CSA standards, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

1.3  Units of measurement

The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in parentheses are for information and comparison only. All references to gallons are to US gallons.

1.1 Scope of the B1800 compendium

This Compendium specifies requirements for compounds and for manufactured pipe and pipe fittings, the relevant test methods, and marking requirements, and applies to thermoplastic nonpressure piping including

a) drain, waste, and vent pipe and pipe fittings;

b) sewer and storm pipe and pipe fittings; and

c) accessories such as factory-assembled expansion joints, closet flanges, backwater valves, and cleanouts.

Notes:

This Compendium does not specify requirements for venting of combustion gases. In Canada, ULC S636 specifies testing and marking requirements for pipe, fittings, and accessories intended for venting of combustion gases. In the U.S., UL 1738 specifies testing and marking requirements for pipe, fittings, and accessories intended for venting of combustion gases.

This Standard Compendium does not specify requirements for piping for venting of soil gases, including venting of radon gas. CAN/CGSB 149.11 provides guidance on acceptable pipe and fitting standards and marking requirements.

1.2 Scope of this Standard

This Standard specifies definitions, general requirements for compounds and for manufactured pipe and pipe fittings, the relevant test methods, and marking requirements.

1.3 Intent of this Standard

This Standard is intended to be used in conjunction with one of the other Standards in the CSA B181 or CSA B182 series to form a complete Standard for a particular product.

1.4 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application. 

1.1 General

This Standard specifies requirements for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) drain, waste, and vent (DWV) pipe, pipe fittings (including push-fit fittings), and accessories such as factory-assembled expansion joints, closet flanges, and backwater valves.

Notes:

Recommended installation practices for ABS-DWV pipe are specified in Annex A. Use of these recommended practices can help to ensure proper installation and optimum service life.

The maximum pressure used to test DWV installations should be 100 kPa (see Clause A.5.2).

This Standard does not specify requirements for venting of combustion gases. In Canada, ULC S636 specifies testing and marking requirements for pipe, fittings, and accessories intended for venting of combustion gases. In the U.S., UL 1738 specifies testing and marking requirements for pipe, fittings, and accessories intended for venting of combustion gases.

This Standard does not specify requirements for piping for venting of soil gases, including venting of radon gas. CAN/CGSB 149.11 provides guidance on acceptable pipe and fitting standards and marking requirements.

1.2 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

1.1 General

This Standard specifies requirements for polyvinylchloride (PVC) and chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC) drain, waste, and vent (DWV) pipe, pipe fittings (including push-fit fittings), and accessories such as factory-assembled expansion joints, closet flanges, backwater valves, and pipe fittings intended for use in fire-stops fittings*.

*The fire stop is for use in fire separations only. It can be Firestops are subject to code requirements not covered in this Standard.

Notes:

Recommended installation practices for PVC-DWV pipe are specified in Annex A. Following these practices will help ensure proper installation and optimum service life.

The maximum pressure used to test DWV installations should be 100 kPa (see Clause A.5.2).

This Standard does not specify requirements for venting of combustion gases. In Canada, ULC S636 specifies testing and marking requirements for pipe, fittings, and accessories intended for venting of combustion gases. In the U.S., UL 1738 specifies testing and marking requirements for pipe, fittings, and accessories intended for venting of combustion gases.

This Standard does not specify requirements for piping for venting of soil gases, including venting of radon gas. CAN/CGSB 149.11 provides guidance on acceptable pipe and fitting standards and marking requirements.

1.2 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

1.1 General

This Standard specifies requirements for compounds, pipe, and fittings used in polyolefin and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) laboratory drainage systems for corrosive applications.

Notes:

Polyolefin includes both PE and PP plastics.

PVDF includes emulsion or suspension polymerization of vinylidene fluoride, and copolymers of vinylidene and hexafluoropropylene produced by emulsion or suspension.

Other thermoplastics may be certified to this Standard provided they comply with the requirements specified in this Standard.

1.2 Joining method

Pipe and fittings covered in this Standard are intended to be joined by heat fusion using joining equipment supplied by the manufacturer.

1.3 Transitioning between different manufacturers’ products

This Standard is not intended to provide for interchangeability between plastic pipe and fittings from different manufacturers, but it does allow for transition fittings used to join one manufacturer’s product to another’s provided the joining technique is other than heat fusion.

Note: See Annex A for guidance on fusion joints and aboveground and underground installations.

1.4 Differing or additional characteristics

Polyolefin laboratory drainage systems having characteristics differing from or additional to those covered by this Standard should be investigated to determine whether they comply with the intent of this Standard.

1.5 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

1.1 General

This Standard specifies requirements for coextruded thermoplastic drain, waste, and vent (DWV) pipe with an outer layer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and an inner layer of polyvinylchloride (PVC), or with outer and inner layers of ABS and a core of PVC.

1.2 Intent of this Standard

Pipe manufactured in accordance with this Standard is intended to be used with fittings, accessories, and solvent cement that comply with CSA B181.1.

Note: Recommended storage, handling, and installation practices for coextruded ABS/PVC-DWV pipe are provided in Annex A of CSA B181.1. Use of these recommended practices can help to ensure proper installation and optimum service life.

1.3 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application. 

1.1 General

This Standard specifies requirements for

plastic drain and sewer pipe and plastic pipe fittings with pipe stiffness of 275, 320, or 625 kPa, including single-wall, coextruded, and coextruded dual-wall pipe with a smooth interior;

single-wall, non-corrugated, perforated plastic pipe and plastic pipe fittings with a pipe stiffness of 200 kPa;

coextruded dual-wall perforated plastic pipe with a smooth interior, corrugated exterior, and a pipe stiffness of 200 kPa; and

solvent cement.

Notes:

Industrial waste disposal lines should be installed only with the approval of the authority having jurisdiction because chemicals not commonly found in drains and sewers, and temperatures greater than 60 °C, can be encountered.

Annex A provides guidance on the relationship between pipe stiffness and the end use of the pipe.

1.2 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

1.1 General

This Standard specifies requirements for SDR 26, 28, 35, and 41 PSM type polyvinylchloride (PVC) perforated and non-perforated sewer pipe and fittings.

Notes:

Industrial waste disposal lines should be installed only with the approval of the authority having jurisdiction because Cchemicals not commonly found in drains and sewers, and temperatures greater than 60 °C, can be encountered in industrial waste disposal lines. Consult with the authority having jurisdiction before installation.

Nominal pipe size is indicated by an NPS designation and actual dimensions are given in millimetres. For example, an NPS-10 pipe will be nominally 10 in in diameter.

1.2 Multilayer construction

Pipe manufactured to Tthis Standard coversmay have multilayer pipeconstruction, and the middle layer canmay have reprocessed-recycled content.

Note: In this Standard, the term “multilayer” refers to pipe having three layers.

1.3 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

1.1 General

This Standard specifies requirements for profile polyvinylchloride (PVC) sewer pipe and fittings of pipe stiffness 70 and 320 (PS70 and PS320), based on controlled inside diameter.

Notes:

Pipe and fittings manufactured in accordance with this Standard should be installed in accordance with CSA B182.11.

Industrial waste disposal lines should be installed only with the approval of the authority having jurisdiction because chemicals not commonly found in drains and sewers, and temperatures greater than 60 °C, can be encountered.

When PS70 pipe is used, the appropriate authority having jurisdiction should be consulted.

1.2 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

1.1 General

This Standard specifies requirements for open profile polyethylene (PE) sewer pipe and fittings with annular corrugations for leak-proof applications (e.g., sanitary sewer and other gravity-flow applications). This Standard covers products manufactured using either virgin, recycled, or both (i.e., industrial plastic scrap or post-consumer plastic) materials.

Notes:

Pipe and fittings manufactured in accordance with this Standard should be installed in accordance with CSA B182.11.

See Annex A for recommended quality control test frequencies.

See Annex C for fitting patterns of the lay length of fittings covered by this Standard.

Annex D should be followed to ensure the requested products are described adequately.

1.2 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

1.1 General

This Standard specifies requirements for open profile polyethylene (PE) storm sewer and drainage pipe and fittings with annular corrugations for gasketed and non-gasketed leak-proof applications. The products covered under tThis Standard covers productsmay be manufactured using either virgin or recycled (i.e., industrial plastic scrap or post-consumer plastic) (post-industrial or post-consumer) materials, or both.

Notes:

Pipe and fittings manufactured in accordance with this Standard should be installed in accordance with CSA B182.11 specifies installation requirements applicable to pipe and fittings covered by this Standard.

See Annex A for recommended quality control test frequencies.

See Annex C for fitting patterns of the lay length of fittings covered by this Standard.

Annex F provides guidance on purchase ordering for the pipe and fittings covered by this Standardshould be followed to ensure the requested products are described adequately.

See Annex G for additional minimum quality control test frequencies for pipes made with recycled materials.

1.2 Exclusions

This Standard does not cover 210 kPa pipe in sizes smaller than NPS-12.

1.3 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

1.1 General

This Standard specifies requirements for the installation and testing of thermoplastic and steel-reinforced PE pipes used for the conveyance of drain, storm, and sanitary effluent in gravity-flow systems.

Note: Users of this Standard should recognize that installation specifications cover a broad range of conditions for thermoplastic pipe. The engineer should tailor the installation specifications to special conditions and the contract documents. The documentation should specify any work or materials not covered by this Standard.

1.2 Applicability

This Standard applies to pipe manufactured in accordance with CSA B182.1, CSA B182.2, CSA B182.4, CSA B182.6, CSA B182.8, CSA B182.12, CSA B182.13, CSA B182.14, and CSA B182.15.

1.3 Exclusions

This Standard does not apply to pipe manufactured in accordance with CSA B181.1, CSA B181.2, CSA B181.3, and CSA B181.5.

Notes:

1)For the installation practice of pipe manufactured in accordance with CSA B181.1 and CSA B181.5, see Annex A of CSA B181.1.

2)For the installation practice of pipe manufactured in accordance with CSA B181.2, see Annex A of CSA B181.2.

3)For the installation practice of pipe manufactured in accordance with CSA B181.3, consult the manufacturer.

1.4 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application. 

1.1 General

This Standard specifies requirements for open profile polypropylene (PP) storm sewer pipe and fittings for leak-proof applications.

Profile wall pipe includes only open profile with smooth interior and sizes based on controlled inside diameter. Open profile pipe is of an annular construction.

Notes:

Pipe and fittings manufactured in accordance with this Standard should be installed in accordance with CSA B182.11.

See Annex A for recommended quality control test frequencies.

See Annex B for base inside diameters.

See Annex C for fitting patterns of the lay length of fittings covered by this Standard.

See Annex D for perforation details.

Annex E should be followed to ensure the requested products are described adequately.

Appropriate structural design criteria for PP storm sewer pipe can be found in Appendix X2 of ASTM F2881/F2881M.

1.2 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

1.1 General

This Standard specifies requirements for profile polypropylene (PP) sewer pipe and fittings for leak-proof applications (e.g., sanitary sewer and other gravity-flow applications).

Profile wall pipe includes both open and closed profile with smooth interiors and sizes based on controlled inside diameter. Open and closed profile pipe are both of an annular construction but not compatible or interchangeable due to structural differences in profile geometries.

Notes:

Pipe and fittings manufactured in accordance with this Standard should be installed in accordance with CSA B182.11.

See Annex A for recommended quality control test frequencies.

See Annex B for base inside diameters.

See Annex C for fitting patterns of the lay length of fittings covered by this Standard.

Annex D should be followed to ensure the requested products are described adequately.

Appropriate structural design criteria for PP sewer pipe can be found in ASTM F2764/F2764M.

1.2 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

1.1 General

This Standard specifies requirements for profile steel reinforced polyethylene (SRPE) sewer pipe and fittings for storm sewer, and other gravity-flow applications.

Profile wall pipe in this Standard includes open profile pipe of helical construction, with a smooth interior and sizes based on controlled inside diameter. The pipe can be perforated for specific applications as required.

Notes:

Pipe and fittings manufactured in accordance with this Standard should be installed in accordance with CSA B182.11.

The structural design of this product should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

See Annex A for recommended quality control test frequencies.

See Annex B for base inside diameters used to determine installation deflection limits.

See Annex C for fitting patterns covered by this Standard.

See Annex D for examples of Type 3 non-gasketed coupling joints.

The ordering recommendations in Annex E should be followed to ensure the requested products are described adequately.

1.2 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

General

This Standard specifies requirements for profile steel reinforced polyethylene (SRPE) sewer pipe and fittings for sanitary sewer and other gravity-flow applications.

Profile wall pipe in this Standard includes open profile pipe of helical construction, with a smooth interior and sizes based on controlled inside diameter. The pipe can be perforated for specific applications as required.

Notes:

Pipe and fittings manufactured in accordance with this Standard should be installed in accordance with CSA B182.11.

The structural design of this product should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

See Annex A for recommended quality control test frequencies.

See Annex B for base inside diameters used to determine installation deflection limits.

See Annex C for fitting patterns covered by this Standard.

The ordering recommendations in Annex D should be followed to ensure the requested products are described adequately.

1.2 Terminology

In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.

Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.

Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.

Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.