Draft Details
- Code for tower cranes (New Edition)
- DRAFT STANDARD
- Legal Notice for Draft Standards
- Update CSA Committee Database (e.g. MEDS)
- Technical Committee on Tower Cranes
- Z248 -26
- Preface
- + 1 Scope
- 1.1 General
- 1.2 Purpose
- 1.3 Application
- 1.4 Terminology
- 1.5 Units of measurement
- 2 Reference publications
- 3 Definitions
- + 4 Design and construction
- + 4.1 Design evaluation criteria
- 4.1.1 General
- 4.1.2 Out-of-service wind
- 4.1.3 Alternative out-of-service wind for crane...
- 4.2 Modifications and changes in design
- + 4.3 Materials
- 4.3.1 General
- 4.3.2 Material testing
- 4.4 Welding
- 4.5 Drainage
- + 4.6 Crane supports
- + 4.6.1 General
- 4.6.1.1 Design of crane supports
- 4.6.1.2 Overturning moment
- 4.6.1.3 Concrete crane foundations and tie brac...
- 4.6.1.4 Structural steel crane foundations and ...
- 4.6.1.5 Crane base anchors
- + 4.6.2 Geotechnical report
- 4.6.2.1 Project specific report
- 4.6.2.2 Bearing capacity
- 4.6.2.3 Resistance of foundations
- + 4.6.3 Rails
- 4.6.3.1 General
- 4.6.3.2 Splices in rail tracks
- 4.6.3.3 Out-of-service parking area
- + 4.6.4 Maximum loading results
- 4.6.4.1 Base reactions
- 4.6.4.2 Tie-bracing loads
- 4.6.5 Drawings
- + 4.7 Load ratings
- 4.7.1 Load ratings where stability governs lift...
- 4.7.2 Load ratings where structural design gove...
- + 4.7.3 Load rating chart
- 4.7.3.1 Load rating chart contents
- 4.7.3.2 Load rating chart reduction
- + 4.8 Crane equipment and mechanisms
- 4.8.1 Swing (slew) mechanism
- 4.8.2 Load hoisting and boom luffing (boom hois...
- + 4.8.3 Travel equipment
- 4.8.3.1 General requirements
- 4.8.3.2 Travelling undercarriage
- + 4.9 Telescoping and climbing equipment
- 4.9.1 Guides for ladders
- 4.9.2 Hydraulic cylinders
- 4.9.3 Positive means of positioning
- 4.9.4 Securing of wedges
- + 4.10 Trolleys
- 4.10.1 Trolley mechanism
- 4.10.2 Trolley frame
- 4.10.3 Trolley operating brake
- 4.10.4 Trolley brake for rope breakage
- + 4.11 Crane ropes, rope fittings, and reports
- 4.11.1 Crane rope
- 4.11.2 Rope fittings and terminations
- 4.12 Sheaves
- + 4.13 Drums
- 4.13.1 Minimum number of wraps
- 4.13.2 Rope attachment to drum
- 4.13.3 Flanges on grooved drums
- 4.13.4 Flanges on ungrooved drums
- 4.13.5 Even rope spooling
- 4.13.6 Drum diameter
- 4.13.7 Positive holding devices
- + 4.14 Gear boxes
- 4.14.1 Inspection covers and lifting lugs
- 4.14.2 Manually operated gear-changing levers
- + 4.15 Brakes
- 4.15.1 General
- 4.15.2 Hoist brakes
- 4.15.3 Trolley brakes
- 4.15.4 Slewing brakes
- 4.15.5 Travel brakes
- 4.15.6 Secondary emergency brakes
- + 4.16 Hooks
- 4.16.1 Hook safety latches
- 4.16.2 Hook identification
- + 4.17 Operator’s cab
- 4.17.1 Provisions of cab
- 4.17.2 Cab location and installation
- 4.17.3 Design and construction
- + 4.18 Safety devices
- + 4.18.1 Limiting devices
- 4.18.1.1 General
- 4.18.1.2 Slack rope-limiting device
- 4.18.1.3 Sealing of load-limiting devices
- 4.18.1.4 Temporary overriding
- 4.18.2 Load and radius indicating devices
- + 4.19 Counterweights
- 4.19.1 General
- 4.19.2 Movable counterweights
- + 4.20 Guarding of moving parts
- 4.20.1 General
- + 4.20.2 Design of fixed guards
- 4.20.2.1 Inspection and maintenance
- 4.20.2.2 Materials
- 4.20.2.3 Secure attachment
- 4.20.2.4 Loading requirements for guards
- 4.20.2.5 Removal of guards or unguarded hazards...
- + 4.21 Controls
- 4.21.1 Power supply for controls
- 4.21.2 Crane controls
- 4.21.3 Operator access to levers, push buttons,...
- 4.21.4 Lever direction
- 4.21.5 Control labelling
- 4.21.6 Positive return levers
- 4.21.7 Power loss on electric motors
- 4.21.8 Means for interruption of main power
- 4.21.9 Dual control station requirements
- 4.21.10 Hydraulic motor loss of pressure
- 4.21.11 Control reliability
- 4.21.12 Emergency operating procedure
- + 4.22 Electrical equipment and wiring
- 4.22.1 Power supplies
- 4.22.2 Strain-relief
- 4.22.3 Design for application
- 4.22.4 Protection against unauthorized access o...
- 4.22.5 Flexible power cords
- 4.22.6 Main power phasing
- 4.22.7 Electrical circuits between fixed and ro...
- 4.22.8 Overload and overcurrent protection
- + 4.23 Grounding
- 4.23.1 Bonding
- 4.23.2 Grounding of climbing cranes
- 4.23.3 Lightning and static charge protection
- + 4.24 Remote control operations
- 4.24.1 General
- 4.24.2 Remote control receiver
- 4.24.3 Design and testing
- 4.24.4 Control switches and levers
- 4.24.5 Identification of functions on remote co...
- 4.24.6 Remote control enclosure
- 4.24.7 Sizing of switches, levers, buttons, and...
- 4.24.8 Protection from unauthorized operation
- 4.24.9 On/off switch and power light
- 4.24.10 Selector switch for multi-crane use
- 4.24.11 Emergency stop button
- 4.24.12 Hold-to-run
- 4.24.13 Remote control signal protection
- 4.24.14 Loss of signal or disconnection
- 4.24.15 Protection from simultaneous operation
- 4.24.16 Control display
- + 4.25 Access and fall protection systems
- + 4.25.1 Ladders
- 4.25.1.1 General
- 4.25.1.2 Design requirements
- 4.25.1.3 Landing platforms
- 4.25.1.4 Fall protection
- 4.25.1.5 Powered means of access
- 4.25.1.6 Jib access
- + 4.25.2 Footwalks
- 4.25.2.1 General
- 4.25.2.2 Walking surfaces
- 4.25.3 Guardrails
- 4.25.4 Fall protection system
- + 5 Erection, dismantling, and climbing
- + 5.1 Crane erection crew
- 5.1.1 General
- 5.1.2 Competent person knowledge
- 5.1.3 Operation of crane during erection and di...
- + 5.2 Job site preparation and inspection prior t...
- 5.2.1 Crane drawings, inspection reports, crane...
- 5.2.2 Instructions and written procedures
- 5.2.3 Component integrity
- 5.2.4 Component identification
- + 5.3 Foundation and support
- + 5.3.1 General
- 5.3.1.1 Foundation inspection report
- 5.3.1.2 Inspection of timber cribbing or steel ...
- 5.3.2 Verification of the compressive strength ...
- + 5.3.3 Travelling tower cranes
- 5.3.3.1 Design
- 5.3.3.2 Rails
- 5.3.3.3 Attachment of rails
- 5.3.3.4 Bogie rail clamps
- 5.3.3.5 Track end stops and buffers
- 5.3.3.6 Multiple cranes on shared track
- 5.3.3.7 Track inspection
- 5.3.3.8 Warning signal during travelling
- 5.3.3.9 Power supply cable
- + 5.4 Main power supply
- 5.4.1 Disconnecting means
- 5.4.2 Labelling of main crane disconnect
- 5.4.3 Grounding and bonding
- 5.4.4 Incoming power supply
- + 5.5 Transportation
- 5.5.1 Loading and unloading
- 5.5.2 Fastening during transport
- + 5.6 Pre-erection inspection
- 5.6.1 Component inspection
- 5.6.2 Electrical, mechanical, hydraulic compone...
- 5.6.3 Inspection reports
- 5.7 Site preparation/procedure
- + 5.8 Erection, climbing, and dismantling equipme...
- 5.8.1 Availability of equipment specification
- 5.8.2 Slings and lifting accessories
- 5.8.3 Hook safety latches
- 5.8.4 Erection and dismantling equipment
- 5.8.5 Termination of operation
- + 5.9 General erection, climbing, and dismantling...
- 5.9.1 General
- 5.9.2 Required data
- 5.9.3 Wind limitation
- 5.9.4 Ballast placement
- 5.9.5 Counterweight fastening
- + 5.9.6 Telescoping crane
- 5.9.6.1 General
- 5.9.6.2 Inspection
- + 5.9.7 Guyed and braced cranes
- 5.9.7.1 Schedule
- 5.9.7.2 Inspection of crane and host structure
- 5.9.7.3 Preloading of guys
- 5.9.7.4 Markers or flags of guys
- + 5.9.8 Climbing cranes
- 5.9.8.1 Shoring
- 5.9.8.2 Inspection of crane and host structure
- 5.9.8.3 Climbing components
- 5.9.8.4 Inspection of climbing equipment prior ...
- 5.9.8.5 Balancing the crane
- 5.9.8.6 Wedging systems
- 5.9.8.7 Use of wedges
- 5.9.8.8 Pre-climb inspection
- 5.9.8.9 Plumbing of the crane
- 5.9.8.10 Securement after climbing
- 5.9.8.11 Restraining of horizontal movement
- 5.9.8.12 Crane Climb-Down
- + 6 Inspection, testing, and repairs
- 6.1 General
- + 6.2 Crane logs
- 6.2.1 General
- 6.2.2 Owner’s crane log
- 6.2.3 Operator’s crane log
- 6.2.4 Transfer of records
- + 6.3 Tests
- + 6.3.1 Nondestructive test
- 6.3.1.1 General
- 6.3.1.2 Visual weld inspection
- 6.3.1.3 Critical or suspect areas or inconsiste...
- 6.3.2 Operational test
- + 6.3.3 Load test
- 6.3.3.1 General
- 6.3.3.2 Test weights
- 6.3.3.3 Test weights for limiting and safety de...
- + 6.4 Inspections
- 6.4.1 General
- 6.4.2 Inspection prior to erection
- + 6.4.3 Inspections after erection, climbing, or ...
- 6.4.3.1 Inspection after erection
- 6.4.3.2 Inspection after climbing, or reconfigu...
- + 6.4.4 Daily inspections
- 6.4.4.1 By the operator
- 6.4.4.2 By the rigger
- + 6.4.5 Weekly inspections
- 6.4.5.1 General
- 6.4.5.2 Limited inspection access of self-erect...
- 6.4.5.3 Accessible inspection access of self-er...
- 6.4.6 Monthly inspections
- 6.4.7 Annual inspections
- + 6.4.8 Special inspections
- 6.4.8.1 Special inspection procedures
- 6.4.8.2 Structural alterations, repairs, or rep...
- 6.4.8.3 Load test after alteration or repair
- + 6.4.8.4 Severe weather
- 6.4.8.4.1 Inspection requirements after prolong...
- 6.4.8.4.2 Lightning, hail and ice events
- 6.4.8.4.3 Severe environmental conditions
- + 6.5 Rope inspection, replacement, and maintenan...
- + 6.5.1 Inspection
- 6.5.1.1 General
- + 6.5.1.2 Daily (frequent) inspection
- 6.5.1.2.1 General
- 6.5.1.2.2 Inspection items
- 6.5.1.2.3 Points of rapid deterioration
- 6.5.1.2.4 Removal from service
- 6.5.1.2.5 Rope inspection logs
- + 6.5.1.3 Periodic inspection
- 6.5.1.3.1 Inspection frequency
- 6.5.1.3.2 General
- 6.5.1.3.3 Points of rapid deterioration
- 6.5.1.3.4 Inspection items
- 6.5.1.3.5 Inspection after shutdown or storage
- 6.5.1.3.6 Removal from service
- 6.5.1.3.7 Report of rope condition
- + 6.5.2 Rope replacement
- 6.5.2.1 General
- 6.5.2.2 Replacement criteria
- 6.5.2.3 Rope strength and selection
- 6.5.2.4 Wire rope report
- + 6.5.3 Rope maintenance
- 6.5.3.1 Storage
- 6.5.3.2 Unreeling or uncoiling of rope
- 6.5.3.3 Cutting of rope
- 6.5.3.4 Rope installation
- 6.5.3.5 Rope lubrication
- 6.5.3.6 Rope wear
- 6.5.3.7 Rope damage at ends
- + 6.5.4 Rope sheaves
- 6.5.4.1 Inspection
- 6.5.4.2 Inspection criteria
- 6.5.4.3 Reuse
- 6.5.4.4 Replacement
- 6.6 Block or hook and ball inspection
- + 7 Maintenance and repair
- 7.1 Maintenance personnel
- 7.2 Preventive maintenance
- + 7.3 Maintenance procedure
- 7.3.1 General
- 7.3.2 Returning to service
- 7.4 Adjustments and repairs
- 7.5 Lubrication
- + 8 Safe operation
- + 8.1 General considerations
- 8.1.1 Tower crane selection
- 8.1.2 Tower crane siting
- 8.1.3 Rescue plan
- + 8.2 Operators
- + 8.2.1 Authorization
- 8.2.1.1 Authorized operation of the crane
- 8.2.1.2 Crane cab access
- + 8.2.2 Qualifications
- 8.2.2.1 Operator training and experience
- 8.2.2.2 Operator qualifications
- 8.2.2.3 Operator knowledge
- 8.2.3 Hearing and visual acuity
- + 8.3 Operator responsibilities
- + 8.3.1 General
- 8.3.1.1 Responsibility of operations
- 8.3.1.2 Operating manual availability for the o...
- 8.3.1.3 Operation requirements
- 8.3.1.4 Operator for erection, repair, climbing...
- 8.3.1.5 Safe access to cab and points of inspec...
- + 8.3.2 Preoperational inspections and tests
- 8.3.2.1 Inspection at start of shift
- 8.3.2.2 Testing of controls and safety devices ...
- 8.3.2.3 Logging preoperational inspection and t...
- + 8.3.3 Limit switches and safety devices
- 8.3.3.1 Adjustment of limit switches and safety...
- 8.3.3.2 Adjustment or repair
- 8.3.3.3 Use of safety or limiting device
- 8.3.3.4 Use with an inoperable overload protect...
- 8.3.3.5 Use with an inoperable motion-limiting ...
- 8.3.3.6 Anti-Collision Devices
- + 8.3.4 Power supply
- 8.3.4.1 Starting of equipment
- 8.3.4.2 Warning signs before starting equipment...
- 8.3.4.3 Power failure
- + 8.3.5 Handling the load
- 8.3.5.1 Lifting of loads within rated capacity
- 8.3.5.2 Unknown weights
- 8.3.6 Special lifts exceeding rated capacity
- + 8.4 Attaching the load
- 8.4.1 General
- 8.4.2 Rigging of load
- 8.4.3 Tag lines or guide ropes
- 8.4.4 Landing of loads
- + 8.5 Holding the load
- 8.5.1 Loads left suspended
- 8.5.2 Avoiding passing loads over workers
- 8.5.3 Riding a load, hook, or sling
- + 8.6 Moving the load
- 8.6.1 Dragging of loads
- 8.6.2 Horizontal pull
- 8.6.3 Swinging of loads beyond the crane reach
- 8.6.4 Vertical pull on restrained object
- 8.6.5 Lift and swing path
- 8.6.6 Contact or load or wire rope with obstruc...
- 8.6.7 Contact of multi-part rope reeving
- 8.6.8 Sudden starts and stops
- 8.6.9 Slack rope
- 8.6.10 Wraps remaining on drum
- + 8.7 Leaving the crane unattended
- + 8.7.1 Out-of-service configuration
- 8.7.1.1 General
- 8.7.1.2 Weathervaning
- 8.7.1.3 Angle of jib of out-of-service
- 8.7.1.4 Tie-Downs for Out-of-Service
- 8.7.2 Warning lights
- 8.7.3 Travel brakes
- + 8.7.4 Disconnecting the power supply
- 8.7.4.1 Verification of crane before closing po...
- 8.7.4.2 Locking of stationary and remote contro...
- 8.7.4.3 Internal combustion engines
- 8.7.4.4 Disengaging the master clutch
- 8.7.5 Secured access
- + 8.8 Communication and signalling
- + 8.8.1 Designated signaller
- 8.8.1.1 Qualified signaller
- 8.8.1.2 Responding to signals
- 8.8.1.3 Keeping work area clear
- + 8.8.2 Signals
- 8.8.2.1 Hand signal
- 8.8.2.2 Movement in response to signals
- 8.8.2.3 Constant contact when lifting blind
- 8.8.2.4 Special signals
- 8.8.2.5 Stop signal
- + 8.8.3 Radio communication
- 8.8.3.1 Equipment requirements
- 8.8.3.2 Interference or interruption
- 8.8.3.3 Remote control operation
- 8.8.4 Trolley or hook block video camera
- + 8.9 Special duties
- 8.9.1 Multiple crane lifts
- 8.9.2 Operations imposing impact
- + 8.10 Clearance requirements
- 8.10.1 Lateral Clearances
- 8.10.2 Vertical Clearances
- + 8.10.3 Multiple crane sites
- 8.10.3.1 Clearances of overlapping cranes
- 8.10.3.2 Line of sight of overlapping cranes
- 8.10.3.3 Operating in an overlapping sector
- 8.10.3.4 Written work and communication procedu...
- + 8.10.4 Tower cranes and other equipment
- 8.10.4.1 Line of sight to other construction eq...
- 8.10.4.2 Written work and communication procedu...
- + 8.11 Weather conditions
- + 8.11.1 Temperature
- 8.11.1.1 Minimum operating temperature
- 8.11.1.2 Crane thermometer
- + 8.11.2 Wind
- 8.11.2.1 Termination of in-service due to wind
- 8.11.2.2 Measuring of wind velocity
- 8.11.2.3 Tag lines
- 8.11.3 Electrical storms
- 8.11.4 Snow and ice
- + 8.12 Visibility
- 8.12.1 Artificial lighting
- 8.12.2 Blind lifts
- 8.12.3 Poor visibility due to weather
- + 8.13 Operations near energized conductors
- + 8.13.1 General
- 8.13.1.1 Notification of power line owners or a...
- 8.13.1.2 Assumption of energized power lines
- 8.13.1.3 Exceptions
- 8.13.1.4 Isolation or de-engergizing power line...
- 8.13.2 Limits of approach
- 8.13.3 Spotter
- 8.14 Refuelling
- + 8.15 Signs and other items increasing wind load...
- 8.15.1 Design requirements
- 8.15.2 Electrical supply for signs
- Annex A (informative)
- Annex B (informative)
- + Annex C (informative)
- C.1 Daily Inspection List
- C.2 Weekly Inspection List
- C.3 Monthly Inspection List
- C.4 Annual Inspection List
1.1 General
This Standard applies to the design, characteristics, construction, installation, dismantling, operation, inspection, testing, and maintenance of tower cranes.
This Standard applies to tower cranes powered by electric motors or internal combustion engines and any variations thereof that retain the same fundamental characteristics. The scope includes cranes of these types that adjust operating radius by means of a
a) boom-luffing mechanism;
b) trolley traversing a horizontal boom; or
c) a combination of the two.
This Standard is also intended to cover self-erecting tower cranes. Tower cranes can be mounted on fixed or travelling bases. Additional mounting means can include arrangements that permit the crane to climb in the structure being built or that permit increasing the tower height as the structure rises.
1.2 Purpose
This Standard is designed to
a) guard against and minimize injury to workers, and otherwise provide for the protection of life, limb, and property by prescribing safety requirements;
b) provide direction to owners, employers, supervisors, crane erectors, operators, and others concerned with, or responsible for, its application; and
c) guide governments and other regulatory bodies in the development, promulgation, and enforcement of appropriate safety directives.
It is also expected that this Standard will have a major application in industry, serving as a guide to manufacturers, purchasers, and users of the equipment.
1.3 Application
This Standard applies to new and existing tower cranes unless otherwise specified in this Standard.
1.4 Terminology
In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the Standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Standard.
Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material.
Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements.
Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.
1.5 Units of measurement
The values given in SI units are the units of record for the purposes of this Standard. The values given in parentheses are for information and comparison only.
You may comment on any section of this document by clicking the “Submit Comment” link at the bottom of the relevant section.